CCEI083W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CCEI083W - Essay Example I additionally keep up great correspondence with my preschooler’s guardians so as to ensure their prosperity. At last, I guarantee that I am in a decent situation to examine tricky practices of my preschoolers with their folks in a positive, supportive way. So as to support family association in homeroom exercises, I urge guardians to be customers of the program. This awards them an opportunity to state what they like or don't care for about the program. They likewise offer splendid thoughts by going about as customers to the program. Additionally, I demand the guardians of my preschoolers to volunteers to a portion of the school programs. For example, I solicit some from the guardians to help in serving snacks for understudies or contribute toys that they think may enable their youngsters to learn. At last, I have remembered myself for the instructor parent relationship so as to add to the nearby governmental issues that guardians raise concerning their children’s learning. Through this, I share with the guardians the significance of their children’s learning. I bolster the connections of my preschoolers and their families by fusing both study hall exercises and home exercises that incorporate both the understudy and their folks. Such exercises guarantee that they kids and their folks have cooperated to finish the task. For example, during sports day, I approach the parent to run for an assigned separation while conveying their newborn children. I give my understudies assignments concerning their folks, whom they need to ask so as to finish it. Such assignments incorporate quickly portraying what your mom or father accomplishes at work or how their parents’ adolescence was. I additionally give a journal to guardians to sign to guarantee that their youngster has finished his/her schoolwork given. This will guarantee that the parent has checked to guarantee that the schoolwork was handled effectively. At whatever point guardians to my preschoolers’ guardians are in school, I

Public Bank Berhad Free Essays

Open Bank Berhad The Public Bank Malaysia was established in the year 1966. The logo, in present day geometric structure, is considered from two interlocking octagons meaning the local and worldwide associations of the Group. The interlocking of the two octagons additionally recommends security, quality and soundness. We will compose a custom exposition test on Open Bank Berhad or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now According to the most recent reports Public Bank Malaysia is the biggest residential bank in Malaysia after Malayan Banking Berhad. The Public Bank Malaysia, as far as its market capitalization, is the biggest partnership in Malaysia that isn't connected with the Government. The extension and progress of the Group are represented by the edges of the octagons pointing outwards at different bearings. Furthermore, the realistic arrangement of the two interlocking octagons likewise makes a â€Å"eye† of prescience of the association. Industry Of Public Bank Berhad Public Bank Berhad is an industry head in enlist buy financing, home loan financing and business loaning to SMEs in Malaysia. The bank has a solid circulation organize containing 248 full help branches in Malaysia and 109 abroad in Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Sri Lanka. Open Bank Item Range Of Public Bank Berhad Public Bank Berhad in one of the main suppliers of incorporated money related administrations in Malaysia. It basically centers around giving banking and budgetary administrations. The bank is occupied with offering different money related items and administrations, which incorporates venture banking, business banking, riches the executives items, and Islamic financial administrations. Target Market Of Public Bank Berhad The entire Malaysian, Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Sri Lanka. Planned for giving modified financial administrations and items to singular clients notwithstanding independent venture concerns. Shopper Groups The center business territories of the Public Bank Group are buyer and retail business credits. People and families can discover a scope of loaning answers for purchase private unit, vehicle or a buyer decent. The bank offers home advance, vehicle advance, traveler vehicle employ buy financing and individual credit at simple terms and conditions. The little and medium measured ventures, as well, can discover streamlined system here to apply for a business advance. Position of The Company In Relation To Other Competitors Public Bank Berhad works in the Commercial banks area. This examination contrasts Public Bank Berhad and three different organizations: Malayan Banking Berhad (2011 deals of 18. 28 billion Malaysian Ringgits [US$5. 85 billion] of which 25% was Consumer Banking), Cimb Group Holdings Berhad (2010 deals: 16. 06 billion Malaysian Ringgits [US$5. 14 billion] of which 19% was Foreign Banking Ope), and AMMB Holdings Berhad (2011 deals of 5. 83 billion Malaysian Ringgits [US$1. 87 billion] of which 46% was Retail Banking). Company| Sales(blns)| P/E| P/B| Mkt Cap(RMm)| Revenue(RM’000,000)| Public Bank Berhad| 10. 345| 13. 1| 3. 10| 45,067. 8| 10,523| Malayan Banking Berhad| 18. 278| 13. 0| 1. 90| 62,592. 67| 18,397| Cimb Group Holdings Berhad| 16. 059| 13. 5| 2. 07| 55,597. 16| 16,635| AMMB Holdings Berhad| 5. 831| 12. 2| 1. 69| 17,904. 26| 6,343| Market Capital Revenue Ratio For Public Bank | 2008| 2009| 2010| Current ratio| 120,700,000,000/34,789,000,000=3. 47| 137,600,000,000/41,835,000,000=3. 29| 156,500,000,000/45,911,000,000=3. 41| Q uick ratio| 60,656,000,000/34,789,000,000=1. 97| 67,986,000,000/41,835,000,000=1. 63| 59,269,000,000/45,911,000,000=1. 29| Average time of stock | Impossible since PBB isn't engaged with exchanging. No inventories| Impossible since PBB isn't engaged with exchanging. No inventories| Impossible since PBB isn't associated with exchanging. No inventories| Average Collection Period| Impossible since PBB isn't engaged with exchanging. No deals consequently no receivables| Impossible since PBB isn't engaged with exchanging. No deals thus no receivables| Impossible since PBB isn't associated with exchanging. No deals thus no receivables| Average installment period| Impossible since PBB isn't associated with exchanging. No purchases| Impossible since PBB isn't associated with exchanging. No purchases| Impossible since PBB isn't associated with exchanging. No purchases| Total resource turnover| 10,500,307,000/196,163,106,000=0. 054| 9,715,568,000/271,136,154,000=0. 045| 11,035,597,000/226,328,976,000=0. 049| Debt ratio| (185,934,374,000/196,163,106,000)x100=94. 79%| (205,420,830,000/217,136,154,000)x100=94. 60%| (212,643,888,000/226,328,976,000)x100=93. 96%| Time premium earned| 18,790,015,000/4,562,396,000=4. 12x| 17,068,609,000/3,316,609,000=5. 15x| 19,149,128,000/3,516,111,000=5. 45x| Gross benefit margin| (3,948,155,000/10,500,307,000)x100=37. 60%| (4,015,055,000/9,715,568,000)x100=41. 33%| (4,738,265,000/11,035,597,000)x100=42. 4%| Net benefit margin| (2,622,660,000/10,500,307,000)x100=24. 98%| (2,551,540,000/9,715,568,000)x100=26. 26%| (3,099,077,000/11,035,597,000)x100=28. 08%| ROA| (2,622,660,000/196,163,106,000)x100=1. 34%| (2,551,540,000/217,136,154,000)x100=1. 18%| (3,099,077,000/226,328,976,000)x100=1. 37%| ROE| (2,622,660,000/10,228,732,000)x100=25. 64%| (2,551,540,000/11,715,324,000)x100=21. 78%| (3,099,077,000/13,685,088 ,000)x100=22. 65%| Analysis Of Public Bank Performance Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio = Current resources/current liabilities 2008| 2009| 2010| 120,700,000,000/34,789,000,000 =3. 7| 137,600,000,000/41,835,000,000 =3. 29| 156,500,000,000/45,911,000,000 =3. 41| The proportion is for the most part used to gauge the company’s capacity to pay backâ its transient liabilities with its momentary resources. As we seen the organization current proportion for these 3 years, there are diminishes from year 2008 to year 2009 yet they increment back when come to year 2010. These 3 years current proportion is noteworthy higher than the satisfactory proportion. The adequate proportion is 2:1 however for the open bank, the present proportion are (2008 1 : 3. 47, 2009 1 : 3. 29, 2010 1 : 3. 41). These shows that the Public Bank isn't utilizing its assets as proficiently as it could be. Open Bank ought to decrease its present resources so there are no exorbitant current resources. Speedy Ratio = (current resources inventories)/current liabilities 2008| 2009| 2010| 60,656,000,000/34,789,000,000 =1. 97| 67,986,000,000/41,835,000,000 =1. 63| 59,269,000,000/45,911,000,000 =1. 29| Quick ratioâ measuresâ a company’s capacity to meetâ its momentary commitments withâ its most fluid resources. The higher the fast ratio,â theâ better the situation of theâ company. From the organization 3 years speedy proportion, the brisk proportion are (2008 1 : 1. 7, 2009 1 : 1. 63, 2010 1 : 1. 29) These shows that the organization brisk proportion is marginally higher than the satisfactory proportion that are 1:1. In any case, the snappy proportion for the organization are showing signs of improvement year to year. The organization ought to diminish its present record to arrive at the attractive proportion that are 1:1. Action Ratio Average period of stock =(Average inventories/Cost of sales)x365 2008| 2009| 2010| N/A| N/A| N/A| Impossible to register since Public Bank Berhad isn't associated with exchanging. No physical inventories are included. Normal assortment period = (receivables/deals) x365 2008| 2009| 2010| N/A| N/A| N/A| Impossible to register since Public Bank Berhad isn't associated with exchanging. No physical inventories are included. Normal installment period =(Payable/Cost of sales)x365 2008| 2009| 2010| N/A| N/A| N/A| Impossible to register since Public Bank Berhad isn't engaged with exchanging. No physical buys are included. Complete resources turn over= Operating income/absolute resources 2008| 2009| 2010| 10,500,307,000/196,163,106,000 =0. 054| 9,715,568,000/271,136,154,000 =0. 045| 11,035,597,000/226,328,976,000 =0. 049| Asset turnoverâ measuresâ a firm’s productivity at utilizing its advantages in creating deals. The absolute resources turnover over for the 3 years, there are decline in year 2009 however increments in year 2010. For each RM1 of advantages for the year 2008, Public Bank just figure out how to create RM0. 054 of deals. For the year 2009 and 2010, for each RM1 of the advantages, Public Bank just creates RM0. 045 and RM0. 049 of deals. The sum are exacerbate yet there are increments for year 2010. This is on the grounds that the organization have higher overall revenue, so they would have lower resources turnover. Monetary Ratio Debt ratio=(Total liabilities/Total asset)x100% 2008| 2009| 2010| (185,934,374,000/196,163,106,000)x100=94. 9%| (205,420,830,000/217,136,154,000)x100=94. 60%| (212,643,888,000/226,328,976,000)x100=93. 96%| A proportion that shows what extent of obligation an organization has comparative with its advantages. The measure gives a plan to the influence of the organization alongside the potential dangers the organization faces regarding its obligation load. Ti me Interest Earned Ratio=EBIT/Interest 2008| 2009| 2010| 18,790,015,000/4,562,396,000=4. 12x| 17,068,609,000/3,316,609,000=5. 15x| 19,149,128,000/3,516,111,000=5. 45x| Ensuring premium installments to obligation holders and forestalling insolvency relies principally upon a company’s capacity to continue profit. Be that as it may, a high proportion can demonstrate that an organization has an unwanted absence of obligation or is squaring away an excess of obligation with profit that could be utilized for different undertakings. The method of reasoning is that an organization would yield more prominent returns by putting its profit into different ventures and acquiring at a lower cost of capital than what it is at present paying to meet its obligation commitments. Investigation : The organization make some high memories premium earned proportion in this couple of year and the proportion keep increment. This proposes this organization is less troubled by obligation cost and the organization has no issue to settling its advantage costs later on. Gainfulness Ratio Gross Profit Margin=Gross net revenue/Net deals 2008| 2009| 2010| (3,948,155,000/10,500,307,000)x100=37. 60%| (4,015,055,000/9,715,568,000)x100=41. 33%| (4,738,265,000/11,035,597,000)x100=42. 94%| The gross edge isn't an

Columbia University to open Center for Veteran Transition and Integration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Columbia University to open Center for Veteran Transition and Integration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Earlier this month, Columbia University announced the creation of a new Center for Veteran Transition and Integration that will provide innovative educational programming and support for veterans making the transition to two- and four-year colleges, graduate and professional schools, civilian life, and the workforce. Major Michael Abrams, a veteran of the war in Afghanistan and a current Marine Corps Reservist, as well as the founder of FourBlock, a program to prepare veterans for business careers, will lead the center as its executive director. Beth Morgan, former executive director of Service to School and director of higher education initiatives for the Marine Corps, joins the center as director of higher education transition and partnerships. The Center for Veterans will open in the fall of 2017. Columbia’s long-standing commitment to veterans can be traced back to 1947, when the School of General Studies was founded to integrate into the University community thousands of returning military veterans seeking education after World War II through the first GI Bill. Today more than 650 veterans are enrolled at Columbia, most of them supported by the Post-9/11 GI Bill and the Yellow Ribbon Program. The University has enrolled more student-veterans than all other Ivy League schools combined, while maintaining a graduation rate above 90 percent and a record of job and graduate school placement that equals Columbia’s non-veteran graduates. Highlighting this success, this year’s valedictorian at the School of General Studies is Colin Valentini, a Marine Corps veteran who came to Columbia to study applied mathematics. Columbia’s successful efforts in helping military service members make the transition to a rigorous academic environment has prompted interest from other universities, employers, government agencies, and veteran-support organizations across the country that would like to replicate its veteran support model. The new veterans center will draw on Columbia’s expertise in curriculum development, instructional technology, and support services in facilitating veterans’ success in an academic setting. In collaboration with a network of public and private partners, the center will provide access to world-class technology and technical support. It will serve military service members at all levels, enlisted and officers, as well as active-duty military personnel preparing for transition, veterans already in higher education, and veterans in the workforce, providing them with the best-in-class resources that they need to ensure their continued academic and professional development. The experience and expertise that Abrams and Morgan bring to this endeavor will be integral in achieving the Center’s vision. Read more about the Center at Columbia News.

Julius Caesar Dbq Essay - 1024 Words

There have been many famous leaders in Roman history but none could match Julius Caesar[See Figure 1]. Julius Caesar was born on July 13, 100 BC in Rome and died March 15, 44 BC in Rome. Julius Caesar is best known for his military mind and how he laid the framework for the Roman Republic. One of the quotes he is famous for is I came, I saw, I conquered. Caesar has not just influenced Rome, he also influenced the world too. The Roman Calendar was rigged to help political purposes. Caesar devised a new Calendar called the Julian Calendar to combat that manipulation[See Figure 2]. The Calendar still has an influence in Eastern Orthodox Christian countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Greece and much more. That is only one out of many†¦show more content†¦He then campaigned for consulship and was successful. Caesar then devoted most of his time in Gaul. He then became governor of Cisalpine and then Transalpine Gaul. He divorced Pompeia in 62 BC and married Calpurnia. In 58 BC, the Helvetii attempted to migrate to Central Gaul. Caesar proclaimed them as potential threats and drove them out to their homeland. The Chieftains of Gaul who now trusted Julius Caesar were afraid of Germany being a threat to them, so in the summer of 58, after defeating the Helvetians, Caesar marched against the Germans and drove them out of Gaul.(www.history.com). After a few years, he sought to conquer Gaul and was successful and made it a Roman Province. In 54 BC, he invaded England because the prince harrassed the Romans living in Gaul. This invasion was one of his finest accomplishments yet because of the strong opposing force. Early 49 BC, his rule over Gaul was slowly coming to an end and he also began a civil war with Pompey[See Figure 3], his old associate who allied himself with a Roman senator. Caesar successfully invaded Italy and drove Pompey s forces into Macedonia in less than seventy days(www.history.com). In 48 BC, Caesar then sailed Macedonia to deal the final blow b ut was unsuccessful which caused him to retreat to Greece where he defeated Pompey in the Battle of Pharsalus. In 47 BC, Caesar’s forces marched to Asia Minor and defeated the Pharnaces in the battle of Zela, but his glory did not stop increasingShow MoreRelatedDBQ essay1481 Words   |  6 Pages Silk Road DBQ    The Silk Road in World History (Suggested writing time – 40 minutes) You should spend at least 10 minutes reading, analyzing, and grouping the sources.    Directions:  The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1-6. (The documents have been edited for the purpose of this exercise.) Write your answer on the lined pages of the Section II free-response booklet. This question is designed to test your ability to work with and understand historical documents. Write an

Some Like It Hot by Billy Wilder - 516 Words

Some Like It Hot, Billy Wilders 1959 musical comedy is filled with double meanings and sexual overtones that also includes certain aspects such as cross-dressing and homosexuality. In 1959, the topic of homosexuality was taboo. If homosexuality was at all brought up, it was in a comical manner. Viewing Some Like It Hot fifty-five years later, one can not help but wonder if the films last line spoken by Osgood, Well, nobodys perfect, is meant to be satirical or solely for the purpose of a laugh. In the gender bending comedy, Some Like It Hot, directed by Billy Wilder, the affirmation of heteronormativity is established through narrative, thematic, and iconographic conventions. The narrative conventions that help to claim that Some Like It Hot is a heteronormativity are historical settings. The historical setting in Some Like It Hot is the 1920s, and that alone draws narrative parallels between gender transgression and the Prohibition. The criminalisation of alcohol acts as a reminder to how easily an activity of pleasure and personal choice can be included under institutionalized morality. The setting of the 1920s also provides a crucial reassurance to the viewer that could potentially be transphobic, by creating a safe distance between the sites of transgression. To tease with this type of viewer, Wilder added Osgoods line at the end for satirical comedic purposes. The thematic conventions aid to reassure heteronormativity of Some Like It Hot. Themes such asShow MoreRelatedBilly Wilder Essay977 Words   |  4 Pages4/13/12 Paper #3: â€Å"Library Research† â€Å"Billy Wilder† Billy Wilder’s work today remains masterful and memorable. From his skilled screenwriting to his directing, Wilder holds a key position in cinema history. Wilder’s stylistic and thematic elements are recognizable and give off a complex reflection of his American and European cultural influences. I think that Billy Wilder should be considered an â€Å"auteur† even if he is not already considered one, for his personal film style and the mere factRead MoreThe Contradictory Spectatorial Address of Some Like It Hot1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Contradictory Spectatorial Address of Some Like It Hot A film of the fifties, Some Like It Hot (Billy Wilder, USA, 1959) provides insight into the state of the film industry, recently wracked by legislation and censorship, the implementation of pre-existing technology in part to combat the new limitations, the importance of the star system, and the two-sided response to the social norms, both contradicting and reinforcing the status quo. Billy Wilder seemingly celebrates disregard for moral valuesRead MoreEssay on Some Like It Hot622 Words   |  3 PagesSome Like It Hot is an American screwball comedy film directed by Billy Wilder and featuring Marilyn Monroe as Sugar, Tony Curtis as Joe, and Jack Lemon as Jerry. Joe and Jerry are struggling musicians who accidentally witness a mob hit and become targets. To hide from the mob, they flee the state as members of a traveling women’s band, where further complications set in. They quickly become besotted with the lead singer, Sugar, who in unable to recognize that her band mates are really men masqueradingRead More The Cross-Dresser and Transsexual Essay example4692 Words   |  19 Pagesand fluidity of modern masculinity and femininity. The roots of these explorations can be seen as far back as 1959’s Some Like it Hot, but only in the 1990’s were directors able to use these sliding identities to their fullest extent. By examining Billy Wilder’s, Neil Jordan’s and Kimberley Peirce’s use of external gender signs, gender roles, sex and sexuality in Some Like it Hot, The Crying Game and Boys Don’t Cry, respectively, we may see the progression of gender blending from comedic device towardsRead MoreEssay on Jazz3014 Words   |  13 Pageseasily available jazz recordings are from the 1920s and early 1930s. Trumpet player and vocalist Louis Armstrong (quot;Popsquot;, quot;Satchmoquot;) was by far the most important figure of this period. He played with groups called the Hot Five and the Hot Seven; any recordings you can fin d of these groups are recommended. The style of these groups, and many others of the period, is often referred to as New Orleans jazz or Dixieland. It is characterized by collective improvisation, in which all

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Free Essays

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted in 1948 and one of the articles, article XXVI deals with protection of the fundamental rights, right to education: (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. We will write a custom essay sample on The Universal Declaration of Human Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. The right to education is a universal right and is recognized as a human right. It includes the right to free, non biased and non political primary education for everyone, to make secondary education at least accessible to everyone and make access to higher education. The right to education also provides the obligation to avoid discrimination at all educational levels and to improve quality of education. Furthermore, the European Court of Human Rights defined „education as teaching or instructions in particular to the transmission of knowledge and to intellectual development† and in a wider sense as â€Å"the whole process whereby, in any society, adults endeavor to transmit their beliefs, culture and other values to the young. â€Å" The rights to educations have been separated into three levels. Primary also known as elemental or fundamental education must be compulsory and free for any young person. It must not be discriminatory on nationality, gender, sexuality, etc. All countries ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights States must provide free primary education within two years. Secondary education must be available and accessible to anyone regardless of nationality, gender, or sexuality. It can be free or not, and it can be compulsory, but it does not have to be. In some countries, even though minority, secondary education is compulsory, for example in Denmark, Croatia, Finland, etc. Higher education at the University level must be accessible to persons who meet necessary education standards to be able to go to universities. Higher education does not falls under the provision of free education. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) proclaims that: „Everyone has the right to educationâ€Å", the question is to what kind of education or who should provide it? The fact is that UDHR was drawn up in 1948 when only a minority of young people in the world had access to any type of education, however, today we can say that situation is much better, showing that four out of five adults worldwide have some literacy skills. The purpose of the UDHR’s article XXVI is not just having quantative aspect, but also qualitative. The UDHR’s article XXVI has certain provisions that must be fulfilled in order to have qualitative education, such provisions are: „Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stagesâ€Å"and „Elementary education shall be compulsoryâ€Å". Today educational opportunities have significantly changed in most parts of the world especially in Europe, North America, and Asia, nevertheless Africa remains the main problem regarding the number of educated people. Another interesting point has been made over the years, whether educational institutions are ready to provide qualitive education to young people, and prepare them for social, economical, and political aspects of human life. The commitment of the international community to implement the rights set out in the UDHR, mainly to adopt certain measures to ensure effective recognition, has taken different forms from international treaties to internationally agreed programmers. The UDHR’s rights and standards do not have force of law, however, the UDHR’s rights have been transformed into treaty provisions making legal obligation on the states that ratified the treaty to provide citizens with free and qualitative education on at least primary level. The right to education is dealt with in Articles XIII and XIV of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and is also mentioned in Article XVIII(4) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. As I previously mentioned almost all countries in the world have adopted and ratified treaties concerning right to education, but only some of them left doors open to individual citizens in their countries to challenge their own country for not complying with the provisions that they set in the treaties if that is the case. In all Western Europe countries which have highly developed legal system, now exists a body of case law in regard to the right to education. Besides international treaties, countries worldwide have adopted other instruments for implementation of the right to education, from Recommendations of international conferences of States, to Declarations and Programmes or Frameworks for Action adopted by intergovernmental conferences, or by ‘mixed’ conferences composed of representatives of governments, international organizations and civil society such as the World Conference on Education for All. The recommendations agreed by international conferences of states do not have the legally binding force as treaties, thus, they are normally adopted by consensus on the understanding that country will make everything in its power to implement provisions. In the world’s perception of the right to education changes has been made in the few past decades. the changes occurred in three phases or stages. In the first phase, lasting from the late 1940s up until the early 1960s, international concern over the provision of ‘fundamental education’ came to focus particularly on literacy and expansion of elementary of primary education in developing countries. The second phase started in the mid 1960s until the late 1970s when focus passed on functional illiteracy and expansion of elementary education continued. In the last phase, from 1980s until the present functional literacy was regarded as an aspect of learning needs. Two general points for educational policy can be made. The first is national efforts to reach out to those illiterate adults especially in Africa and the second to expand access to elementary education for the younger generation again mainly in Africa. These two points are the grounds for fulfillment of the UDHR article XXVI – right to education. Other provisions can be only partially fulfilled such as free education, but two provisions I mentioned can be fulfilled entirely in the whole world. The assessment of the fulfillment of the right to education is done by using so called 4As framework, which means that education must be available, adaptable, acceptable, and accessible. This 4A framework was developed by Mrs. Katarina Tomasevski, the former UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education. This 4A framework is intended to be applied on the governments, parents, and teachers. I will briefly explain these 4 As. Availability means that education must be funded mainly by the governments, education must be universal, free, and compulsory. The governments must ensure necessary infrastructure and educational materials for students and professors. Facilities intended to be schools must satisfy all safety standards, and all each school must have enough professional educators. Adaptability means that educational programs should be flexible and schools must respect all religious holiday. Adequate care must be given to student and professors with disabilities. Accessibility means all children must have access to school regardless of race, religion, gender, nationality or social status. School must be within a reasonable distance for children, and if necessary transportation must be provided. Children must be supplied with all necessary textbooks and uniforms without additional costs. Acceptability means that education that will be provided to students must be culturally appropriate and without if discrimination. Professors and methods of teaching must be objective, and all textbooks must not be bias or forcing single idea or belief. Professors must be at highest possible level of professionalism. UNESCO has several instruments for monitoring the implementation of the UDHR right of education with the support of Member States, various international organizations, the intellectual community, etc. Thus, UNESCO’s constitution requires that member states must submit periodic reports on the implementation and development of the right to education. The articles VI and VIII of the UNESCO constitutions provides: „Each Member State shall submit to the Organization, at such time and in such manner as shall be determined by the General Conference, reports on laws, regulations and statistics relating to its educational, scientific and cultural institutions and activities, and on the action taken upon the recommendations and conventionsâ€Å". United Nation bodies which deal with human rights periodically receive reports from Member States, governmental and non-governmental organizations on implementation and violations of human rights including the right to education. The Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women are just two treaty bodies out of several which monitor the implementation of the right to education. Thus, it is important that two treaty bodies I mentioned above closely cooperate with UNESCO in order to protect human rights. It is important to mention five international treaties which relate to education and protection of such right: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Convention against Discrimination in Education, Protocol Instituting a Conciliation and Good Offices Commission to be Responsible for Seeking the Settlement of any Disputes which may arise between States Parties to the Convention Against Discrimination in Education, Convention on the Rights of the Child, and Convention on Technical and Vocational Education. Besides to all the efforts of the United Nation, UNESCO, various international agencies and organization to implement UDHR’s provisions mainly article XXVI, many governments still give too little attention to protection of human rights. Hugh amount of money are being injected in military development and maintenance, while education as the important pillar of the modern society still stays on the margins of the governments budgets. Mrs. Katarina Tomasevski, the former UN Special Rapporteur on the right to education wrote interesting comparison stating that there are 150 soldiers for every 100 teachers in the world. She additionally stated that only 2% of educational funds come from international aid. Thus, in many African countries even primary education is not free and education simply becomes too expensive for the poor families in those countries. Education cannot survive without money, and implementation and protection of the right to education depends upon the funds that governments and international organizations are willing to provide. We can conclude that only Europe and North America managed to satisfy all the requirements stated in the United Declaration of Human Rights article XXVI. There is still a lot of work to be done to copy this example to the rest of the world, especially in Africa, where education is only one problem among many others. References: The United Nations Right to education organization United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization The State of the Right to Education Worldwide: Free or Fee World education report. 2000. Unesco Publishing. How to cite The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Papers

Understanding Behavior Essays - Mundo Moy Akin,

Understanding Behavior The behavior of a person can usually be explained by that person's state of mind. The external conduct is almost always directly linked to internal emotions. Knowing this fact is very beneficial to someone like a guidance counsellor because it lets him or her almost "read" the physchlogical state of a student based entirely on their behavior. In Darlene's case her behavior has been very well documented making the task of phsycological assesment a much easier job. There are many facets to Dralene's behavior, each revealing a different part of her state of mind. Judging from the way she dresses and is groomed it appears as if she comes from a family less wealthy than most of the other children at her school. This has probably been a factor in her sullen behavior. Because she can't afford more expensive clothes, she has been put into a different social class than most of her peers. It is known that all humans have an emotional need to be "accepted" by their peers but unfortunat for Darlene, being accepted is a need that she has not satisfied due to her lack of wealth. Darlene also expressed that this form "classism" against her was apparent at sunday school. It was so great in fact that she actually quit the classes to get away from the sunday school "snobs". It should come as no surprise that Darlene has also expressed a desire to quit highschool as well. This may also explain her reluctance to join any clubs and the way she anticipates unfriendly reactions from people she meets. Darlene's teachers agree that although Darlene has an above average intellect, she still only aquires average marks. I believe this problem can be traced to her parents. It si known that Darlene's parents keep Darlene in 6 days of the week, and when they do let her out she must be home at ten. It is also known that Darlene must do alot of housework on the weekends if she wants to get her weekly allowance and that her parents do not approve of her friends. Darlene's poor pe nce in school may very well be Darlene's way of "getting back" at her parents. By getting average marks she is trying to tell her parents that keeping her in and being so restrictive of her social activities won't help her school work, it will only make it worst. I will assume that Darlene also feels like her parents don't pay enough attention to her. Both her parents probably work, explaining why Darlene has so many responsibilities at home, and neither of them likely have much time to spend with their daughter. Darlene would also like more freedom to do go out and choose friends. The physological needs Darlene lacks are social acceptance, attention from her parents and freedom. If I were to advise Darlene on a course of action it would be to discuss the problem with her parents and not to try and hurt them by doing poorly in school because that is not hurting her parents, it is only hurting her. I would tell her that the only person in the world Darlene can change is herself. I would also tell Darlene that any peer that does not like her based solely on how much money she has is not worth having as a friend. I would tell her to ignore people who treat her badly becuase of her lack of wealth and eventually they will stop annoying her because they will not get any reaction from her. Darlene will have to work on her attitude though, so she can be more sociable and more accepted.

Legalization of Narcotics essays

Legalization of Narcotics essays Narcotics, or drugs, are substances that affect the bodys functions. They can stimulate the mind, make people depressed, or make them hyper. Marijuana, heroin, LSD, PCP, cocaine, and anabolic steroids are all considered narcotics. Narcotics are illegal in the U.S. Even though drugs are illegal, about 12 million people use them anyway. Many strict laws have been passed against drugs but they seem to have little affect. People still decide to sell or use drugs for recreational purpose. This is why narcotics should be legalized. Before 1914, it was legal to make, sell, or use any type of drugs. Many of the drugs were used for medicinal use. This was before people found out how addictive and harmful drugs were. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required medicine labels to show whether over the counter drugs contained narcotics. After the act was passed, many Americans did not buy medicine that contained narcotics. The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 made narcotics illegal except for medicinal purpose. On 1919 the Supreme Court changed the Harrison Narcotics Act. They made it illegal for doctors to prescribe narcotic drugs to addicts. The Controlled Substance Act was created in 1970. The CSA turned fifty-five drug laws into one big one. This act sets the minimum penalties for the use or distribution of narcotics. State and local governments can make the drug laws stricter, but have to follow the minimal guidelines set by the CSA. The CSA divides narcotics into five categories called schedules. Schedule I drugs are only allowed for controlled experimentation. They have the highest potential for abuse. These drugs are: heroin, LSD, marijuana, and Ecstasy. Schedule II drugs are also restricted, but can be prescribed by doctors under special circumstances. These drugs are cocaine and PCP. Schedule III drugs have medical use, but can be abused. These are mostly painkillers and barbiturates such as codeine ...

Subject Complement Definition and Examples

Subject Complement Definition and Examples A subject complement is a word or phrase (usually an adjective phrase, noun phrase, or pronoun) that follows a linking verb and describes or renames the subject of the sentence. Also called a subjective complement. In traditional grammar, a subject complement is usually identified as either a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. Examples and Observations The light in the chapel was warm and soft.Mrs. Rigney was my fourth-grade teacher.My fourth-grade teacher was exceptionally kind.Ruth and Thelma are my best friends, and their roomies are Tammy Hinsen and Rebecca Bogner. (Dean Koontz, Lightning. G.P. Putnams Sons, 1988)I knelt down and pulled on the edge of the stone with him, and it started to move with the sucking sound of thick mud. It smelled awful, and we looked at each other with sour faces. (Patrick Carman, The Land of Elyon: Into the Mist. Scholastic Press, 2007)The Johnson children and Harbor Branch received $169 million. But if they were the true winners, no one was the loser. (Barbara Goldsmith, Johnson V. Johnson. Knopf, 1987)The very air was alive with the uncanny cries of phantoms that flew through the secret places of this region. These mountains were unfriendly at the best of times. (David Bilsborough, The Wanderers Tale. Tor, 2007) Linking Verbs and Subject Complements If a verb requires a subject complement (SC) to complete the sentence, the verb is a linking verb. The subject complement ([italicized] in the examples that follow) typically identifies or characterizes the person or thing denoted by the subject: (1) Sandra is my mothers name.(2) Your room must be the one next to mine.(3) The upstairs tenant seemed a reliable person.(4) A university is a community of scholars.(5) The receptionist seemed very tired.(6) You should be more careful.(7) The distinction became ​quite clear.(8) The corridor is too narrow. The most common linking verb is  be. Other common linking verbs (with examples of subject complements in parentheses) include appear (the best plan), become (my neighbor), seem (obvious), feel (foolish), get (ready), look (cheerful), sound (strange). Subject complements are typically noun phrases, as in (1)-(4) above, or adjective phrases, as in (5)-(8) above. (Gerald C. Nelson and Sidney Greenbaum, An Introduction to English Grammar, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2009) The Difference Between a Subject Complement and an Object The Subject Complement is the obligatory constituent which follows a copular verb and which cannot be made the subject in a passive clause: Whos there? Its me / Its I.*She became a tennis champion at a very early age.Feel free to ask questions! The Subject Complement does not represent a new participant, as an Object does, but completes the predicate by adding information about the subject referent. For this reason, the Subject Complement differs from the Object in that it can be realized not only by a nominal group but also by an adjectival group (Adj.G), as illustrated in the previous examples. The objective case (me) is now in general use (Its me) except in the most formal registers, in which the subjective form (Its I) or (I am he/she) are heard, especially in AmE. As well as be and seem, a wide range of verbs can be used to link the subject to its Complement; these add meanings of transition (become, get, go, grow, turn) and of perception (sound, smell, look) among others... (Angela Downing and Philip Locke, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006) Agreement with Subject Complements (16c) These are the costs the grey parties never talk about when they allow the system to go on. (w2b-013:097) . . .(16h) I call them wild flowers. . . .(s1a-036:205) In those cases in which the complements are noun phrases, the subject complement shows concord with the subject S, and the object complement is in concord with the direct object, as can be best seen in the examples (16c) and (16h). (Rolf Kreyer, Introduction to English Syntax. Peter Lang, 2010) Semantic Relations The italicized portions of the following examples are Subject Complements. The upper case labels to the right indicate the semantic relation between the Subject Complement and the Subject: (4a) The venue for the meeting is the Roxburghe Hotel. EQUATION(4b) The estate car is a Volvo. PROPER INCLUSION(4c) Youre so young. ATTRIBUTION(4d) Would you still love me if I were old and saggy? ATTRIBUTION(4e) that telly was mine POSSESSION(4f) Sometimes were on a collision course, LOCATION(4g) the NHS was for all of us BENEFACTEE(4h) The five pound note was for services rendered. IN EXCHANGE The Inflection (marking for tense, aspect, mode, and agreement) in this type of construction is carried by be; therefore be is the syntactic Head of the Predicate. However, the Subject Complement is the element that expresses the main semantic content of the Predicate. In other words, the Complement is the semantic Head of the Predicate. Source Thomas E. Payne, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2011

Key Technology Trends That Raise Ethical Issues Research Paper

Key Technology Trends That Raise Ethical Issues - Research Paper Example This paper presents an overview of ethical concerns that are caused by the information technology. The information technology brings about a number of ethical, social, and political issues. Additionally, ethical issues consist of both political and social issues. For instance, at present, customer service has turned out to be one of the most important organizational tasks or services which engender a large number of ethical challenges and issues. In many cases, the lack of education and training in the subject of internet use has made a large number of individuals to take part in activities that question their ethics. This paper will present an overview of key technology trends that raise various ethical issues. Basically, ethics is a set of rules and principles that tell the individual whether they are wrong or right, acting as free of charge ethical agents, from which people draw guidance while making decisions to direct their actions and behaviors. Without a doubt, the information technology (IT) has brought wonderful advantages and opportunities to business organizations as well as individuals. It has modernized and revolutionized all the fields of life. However, at the same time it has caused a wide variety of ethical issues for individuals, business organizations and cultures for the reason that they open new horizons for strong societal change, and as a result intimidate offered distributions of authority, capital, privileges, and responsibilities. In addition, similar to any other technologies, for instance, electricity, steam engines, the telephone, fax machine and the radio, information technology can be utilized to accomplish social development; on the other hand, it can also be used by the bad people to carry out illegal activities. For instance, they can use it to threaten cherished social values and commit crimes. In this scenario, the advancements in information technology will create advantages and opportunities for a large number of businesses and individuals as well as expenses for others. In addition, information technology has given a great deal more pressure to ethical issues through the developments in the Internet, electronic commerce (e-Commerce) and electronic business (e-Business). It is an admitted fact that the Internet and other similar digital technologies make it easier for the bad people to bring together, integrate, and dispense their criminal activities. Some of the cases that can cause various ethical issues and concerns can include misuse of data and information, giving a free rein to new concerns regarding the suitable utilization of customers’ information, the security of individual privacy, and the protection of intellectual property and rights. Sometimes, the staff members of an organization having extraordinary skills and knowledge can deceive IT resources and business systems by using fake information and records and redirecting money at a level unbelievable in the pre-computer age. Some of the other well-known and vital ethical concerns caused by the increasing use of information technology comprise setting up responsibility for the costs of information technology and business management systems, establishing standards and measures to ensure the security of systems’ quality that ensures the security and privacy of society and individuals, and maintaining values and foundations believed to be critical to the quality of life in an information culture.

Intermodal Transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intermodal Transportation - Essay Example At the individual level, Americans spend all the more on transportation, cargo development, and driving, than they do on garments, working the family, diversion and intercity travel set up together. Transportation expenses represent 11 for each penny of extra cash, the fourth biggest thing in family spending plans (USDOT 1999b). Utilizing 1994 gross national item numbers, cargo transportation made up 6.3% for each penny of aggregate consumption, which could go up to 10–11 for every penny of aggregate use if incomes spent on stock, warehousing, and logistics administrations are incorporated (ENO 1998). As a rate of aggregate consumption, freight transportation accounts 38.52% for every penny of the aggregate while passenger transportation represents the rest (USDOT 1999b). The effect of cargo on the US economy is significant. Generally speaking, it is evaluated that most of the country’s revenue is generated from freight transportation. The author investigates the immense challenge of expanding the extent of intermodal freight transport. In perspective of the present overwhelming role played by road transport and the expanding impediments in adapting to an increase in the number of vehicles in a productive and reasonable way, multi-purpose freight transport could be viewed as a practical option. In any case, he makes acknowledgment of the way of there is the need to enhance the performance of the intermodal transport framework. The role played by the government in cultivating intermodal transport advancements has been highlighted by Holguin-Veras et al. (2008). Concentrating on the American cargo transport framework different authors distinguish diverse arrangements of elements that clarify the diverse range of factors that the government experiences in cultivating advancements: Incompatible goals and objectives of the private and open area, absence of

Causes of Brick Deterioration and Decay in Buildings

Causes of Brick Deterioration and Decay in Buildings Introduction Most parts of the building are built from the brick. Nowadays, the brickwork defects ware commonly founded in building. The problem was getting more serious and serious. Seriously of the brickwork defects may cause a lot of problems to the occupants. The main problem encountered in building with a traditional outside bearing wall of brickwork and concrete inside bearing structure is caused by differences in the temperature and moisture-induced movement. Crack maybe be discovered in walls and solutions have to be found. (L.G.W.Verhoef, 2001) Brickwork defect occurs in building has a variety of reasons. This is perhaps not surprising when one considers the wide range of differences bricks and technique in construction of building, differences in the construction sites and the varied occupational or owner used of the completed building. Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, crack appears throw the bricks or mortar and etc (Moses Jenkins, 2007). In this sub chapter, the different types of the brickwork defect will be determined. This chapter gave an overview of various types of the brickwork defects and understanding the brickwork defects. To identify the different types of the brickwork defects will make easily for the occupants or owners to find out the causes of the defects and take the suitable remedies method in the right way. Define bricks Brick is the materials that commonly use to build the buildings wall. Clay bricks are the most common brick type. It is made from the sand and clay and uniformly burnt at temperatures between 800 °C and 1200 °C. Surface finishes are sometimes applied e.g. glazed bricks. Glazed bricks are still being produced in quantity and can be obtained from a major English brick manufacturer and supplier. Calcium Silicate bricks is manufactured from sand-lime (calcium silicate). The bricks are pressed under great pressure and steamed in an autoclave. The bricks are smooth, fine textured and light in colour. The brick colour is produced from material source, composition and firing temperature. The size of bricks over time has changed considerably. Some early medieval bricks were 13 inches by 6 inches by 2 inches. By the late 15th century a brick 9.5 inches by 4.5 inches by 2 inches became the norm and a charter in 1571 stipulated 9 inches by 4.5 inches by 2.25 inches. By the 18th century, 8.25 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches brick was introduced. Modern bricks are 8.5 inches by 4 inches by 2.5 inches which following metrication translated to 215mm by 102.5mm by 65mm. Modern bricks is the brick that most of the building using in nowadays. Defect of size Oversized bricks are caused by poor material selection and preparation or underfiring. Under size bricks are caused mainly by poor material preparation, faulty moulds and overfiring. Defect of shape The causes of these defects are many. These are including poor preparation of moulds or moulding technique, faults in stacking, rough handling and uneven drying. If the bricks are considerably over burnt, incipient fusion takes place and the bricks, called burrs, come out of the kiln or clamp stuck together. Burrs are suitable only for hardcore purposes. Defects of body Faults in the raw material body can give rise to defects such as cracking, bloating and laminations. Cracking and warping of bricks, causing incipient weakness, maybe due to exposure of green bricks to direct sunlight or rapid drying winds. Similar effects will be produced by putting green bricks into the kiln too soon. Large cracks maybe caused by rain getting onto hot bricks. Defect of Appearance These defects are caused primarily by faulty wires in the case of wire-cut bricks. Dark spots are caused by the presence of unevenly distributed iron sulphide in the clay. Brick wall settlement Any movement in a structural  brick wall which risks having broken the bond courses in the wall, and any movement in a  brick veneer wall which has broken or loosened the connections between the veneers to the underlying structure are potentially dangerous and risk collapsing masonry. Bulging brick wall This is likely to be a bond-brick or bond-course failure. This defect is potentially extremely dangerous and must be very urgent to take action. If not, it can causes the building suddenly collapse. Cracks and Bulges in brick walls Frost and earth loading can push a below-grade brick foundation wall inwards. The wall is often bulged inwards as well as showing horizontal and step cracking and loose bricks over the bulged area. The damage occurs from slightly above ground level to roughly the frost line. Cracks and loose bricks Normally, crack and loose bricks are cause by frost, settlement, expansion, diagonal and stair-stepped. Those defects often happen at building corners where roof spillage is concentrated. Loose bricks and missing or lost mortar This is the movement where mortar is severely washed-out by roof spillage or other water movement against the foundation. Loose and lost bricks may also occur where wood blocks, originally set into a wall to permit nailing of interior components, is damaged by insects or decay. Similarly, if wood joists are damaged and bend excessively or collapse (insect damage, rot, fire) the collapsing joist can, as its in-wall end moves, damage the foundation or building wall. Fire cuts on wood joists in brick walls were intended to minimize this damage source by angling the end of the joist where it was set into the wall pocket. Sand-blasted bricks   Which have been cleaned of old paint, algae, or stains using high pressure sand blasting or possibly even very high pressure water blasting can be permanently damaged by loss of the harder surface of the bricks which had been provided by their original firing. Once the softer internal brick has been exposed, the bricks will be more inclined to absorb water and to suffer water and frost damage. Sandblasting brick is considered a poor practice in building renovation and maintenance. Spalling bricks Spalling is caused by water and frost, such as water leaking into a brick structure at any entry point: a crack, a brick which has lost its hard surface, or at openings by window and door penetrations. But beware about caulking brick. Exfoliating-rust damage to brick   Masonry wall occur these defects when brick walls have been improperly caulked where caulking should have been omitted. The most common example of this defect is the damage that occurs to a brick wall when a steel lintel over a window or door is caulked tightly between the brick and the steel. Moisture penetrating the brick wall through cracks or mortar joints is trapped around the steel lintel. Rust developing on steel lintels has tremendous lifting power as the rusting exfoliating metal expands, sufficient to crack and damage bricks around lintel. Improper repair mortar  on brickwork During repair work, tuck pointing bricks, or re-pointing bricks can cause surface spalling of bricks if the mason uses a too hard mortar with high portland content mortar on soft brick in a climate exposed to freezing weather. The high portland content means that the mortar will be not only harder, but more waterproof than the surrounding brick. Water trapped around the hard mortar can freeze leading to surface spalling of the bricks. This is particularly likely to be seen when a wall has been tuck pointed using hard high-portland mortar where originally a soft high-lime mortar was used and where the original bricks were soft. Salts on brickwork Salts are a major cause of deterioration. Salt can enter bricks through contaminated water ingress. In coastal areas salt can come from the sea and, in winter, the nearby application of road salt is a constant threat. Salt is damaging because it creates a steady expansion of crystals within the bricks. This can eventually force the structure of the brick apart. The source of salt can occur from within the bricks themselves or from the application of contaminated mortars or renders. Brick lined chimney flues are also vulnerable as sulphates can be introduced when flu gasses condense. This is a common defect where a chimney has been sealed without adequate ventilation. Efflorescence on brickwork Efflorescence appears as a white powdery deposit on the brick. It is a phenomenon that soluble slats dissolved in water are carried, deposited and gradually accumulated on brick surfaces to form an unsightly scum. Without water efflorescence cannot occur. The soluble salts may be originated from the raw material of bricks. But in most cases, efflorescence is caused by salts from the external sources such as ground water, contaminated atmosphere, mortar ingredients and other materials in contacts with the bricks. To minimize the risk (it can never be completely avoided in brickwork exposed to weathering) the building detail should be designed, as far as is possible, to avoid saturation. In other words good overhangs, copings and sills with drips all need to be considered. Efflorescence can be helped on its way by sponging down the wall with clean water (avoiding substantial wetting) or dry brushing with soft brushes. Any other treatment should be avoided as it may disfigure the bricks .   Frost Attack on brickwork Frost attack often occurs when very cold weather immediately follows a very wet spell. When porous materials become saturated and the temperature drops below freezing the formation of ice causes stresses which some bricks cannot be resist and cracking or spalling occurs. Clay bricks are classified as frost resistant, moderately frost resistant, and not frost resistant. Calcium silicate bricks are not generally at risk although it is wise to specify bricks with a compressive strength. Thermal movement on brickwork Every materials expand or contracts as the temperature of the material changes, typically expanding as its temperature increases and contracting as its temperature decreases. Different materials expand and contract at different rates when they undergo similar changes in their temperatures. Brick veneer can expand and contract approximately. When determine the expansion or contraction of a brick veneer, it is important to remember the effects of the sun on materials. The energy from the suns rays raises the temperature of a material well above the air temperature. On a day when the air temperature is 32 ° F, the energy from the sun can raise a walls temperature to above 100 ° F Thermal expansion failures in structural or veneer brick walls A separate factor that can cause very large movements and extensive damage to brick structures or brick veneer walls is the thermal expansion which occurs across a long or tall brick wall when that wall is heated by sun exposure. The photographs show significant thermal expansion damage in a long brick structure. Significant breaks and gaps  at vertical brick mortar joints due to thermal expansion and perhaps some frost and water damage. Photograph of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure1: Significant breaks Horizontal sliding breaks  in brick mortar joints,  exposing reinforcing wire to rust, exfoliation, and additional damage from those forces as the exfoliating wire produced still more pressure on the mortar joint. Photograph of a collapsed brick strudctural wallFigure2: Horizontal breaks Step cracking  following mortar joints near the building corners and where the wall movement was resisted by first story intersecting brick walls abutting at right angles the middle section of the long brick wall. Photograph of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure3: Step cracking Cracks and broken bricks at the intersections of brick walls and openings. Photograph of thermal expansion damage to a brick wallFigure 4: Cracks and broken bricks (InspectApedia, 2007) Moisture movement on brickwork Moisture affects all porous masonry materials, including brick, mortar and concrete masonry units but in very different ways. These effects must be considered when a combination of these materials is used, such as when brick rests on a concrete foundation, brick veneer units are used with block back up, and when brick and architectural concrete products are used in the same wythe bands of precast concrete or architectural concrete block in a brick veneer. After their initial mixing or casting, mortar, poured-in-place concrete and concrete masonry units shrink as the curing of the Portland cement proceeds. This is an unavoidable consequence of the curing of concrete products and is accommodated in design. Sulphate attack on brickwork Most ordinary clay bricks contain sulphates of sodium, magnesium or calcium. These salts are soluble in water in water, calcium sulphate being less soluble than the other two. Normally, these sulphates are seen as the harmless efflorescence which affect appearance only and need simply to be brushed away. In theory, most brick walls with mortars based on OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) are liable to sulphate attack. The most vulnerable walls are earth-retaining walls and parapet walls but sulphate attack is a problem also on rendered, and on facing brickwork. On rendered brickwork, sulphate attack is manifested by cracking of the rendering, the cracks being mainly horizontal and corresponding to the mortar joints below. The rendering may adhere quite well to the bricks early in the attack but areas are likely to become detached as the expansion of the underlying brickwork causes severance of the bond between the two material. (H.J.Eldridge,B.Sc.1976) Lime staining on brickwork Lime staining occurs when calcium hydroxide is deposited on the face of brickwork. Lime staining will quickly absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and becomes calcium carbonate. It is virtually insoluble and can only be removed by expert and costly treatment. The calcium hydroxide can come from three main sources: calcium hydroxide caused by the hydration of Portland cement from hydrated lime added to mortar from brickwork in contact with wet concrete Porosity on brick Porosity is an important characteristic of brick. In contrast to other moulded or pre-cast building materials, the porosity of brick is attributed to its fine capillaries. By virtue of the capillary effect, the rate of moisture transport in the brick is ten times faster than in other building materials. Moisture is released during day-time and re-absorbed during night-time. The ability to release and re-absorb moisture by capillary effect is one of the most useful properties of brick that helps to regulate the temperature and humidity of atmosphere in a building. This distinctive property makes brick an admirable building material, particularly suitable for buildings in the tropics. On the other hand, all porous materials are susceptible to chemical attacks and liable to contamination from weathering agents like rain, running water and polluted air. Crack in brick faces/firecracks The finished appearance of clay brick can vary greatly, this is because dependant on clay and the manufacturing process. Some products contain cracks of varying degree (sometimes referred to as firecracks) as an inherent feature. Firecracks are usually visible on the product as delivered. However, firecracks can be masked by the texture and surface sands used in the manufacturing process becoming visible after bricks are laid as a result of natural weathering of exposed brickwork. Dampness of the brick wall More or less permanent dampness showing more clearly on the internal wall surface from ground level up to a height of about 750mm, but may be higher in severe cases or if the outer face is covered with a non-porous finish. The decorations may be damp, blistered or discoloured, or, if dry, may have been pushed off the wall by a film or salts which will often be seen as a fluffy crystalline growth. The possible causes of dampness in the brick wall are lack of dpc (damp proof course), by-passing of the dpc, Failure of the dpc material. Brick growth and expansion gaps in brickwork Bricks undergo long-term permanent expansion over time. This expansion continues for the life of the brick, but the majority of the growth occurs early in its life. Most general purpose bricks have a coefficient of expansion in the range of 0.5-1.5mm/m (millimeters per meter) over fifteen years. Designers can use the values of the coefficient of expansion to accommodate for the growth of bricks by the size and spacing of the control joints. The provision of control gaps or articulation joints between parts of the structure during construction will accommodate movements within the structure over time. Numerous sources of movement exist and include: The change in size of building materials with temperature, loading conditions and moisture content The differential change in size of building materials (for example, cement products shrink over time, whilst clay bricks expand slowly over time) Foundation and footings movement Frame movement Frame shortening Temperature movement Internal horizontal and vertical movement Causes of the brickwork defects Introduction: Brickworks are used primarily in the construction of walls. To construct the brick wall required many skills, design, experience, selection of material, and technique. Lack of all expertise may cause the brickwork defects or failure of the building. The defects that occur in brickwork maybe the result of inherent faults, deficiencies in production, design, materials or workmanship, and attack by environmental agents. After the brickwork has been constructed, it maybe meets of various requirements, climate, loading, and occupational in use. It is not surprising that defects happened or occurs frequently. In this sub chapter, the causes of the brickwork defects will be list out. To find out the actual causes of the brickwork defects will be easily for the occupational to take the right remedies immediately and reduces the brickwork defects happen. Selection of bricks The choice of bricks is often influenced by the price but the quality required must also be carefully considered in order to avoid defects developing during the service life of the material. Therefore, the selection of suitable bricks for any particular purpose has often to be a trade-off between appearance and durability requirements on the one hand, and cost on the other. This is not always possible to assess the quality of bricks by the colour, variability of colour of bricks of the same source and method of production can often be an indication of strength and durability variations. Storage of bricks Bricks on site are rarely kept under adequate cover. Defects in the bricks resulting from the lack of adequate protection on the site are rarely apparent before use. However, bad weather conditions can be detrimental to bricks in that saturation by rain can be responsible for both subsequent efflorescence and decoration defects. Soluble Salts in Bricks Under burnt bricks contain a high salt content. The salts come from the raw clay from which the bricks are made, or are formed in the burning process. Most clay bricks contain some soluble salts, but the types and amounts vary appreciably. The effect of the soluble salts on both efflorescence and the more serious problem of disintegration of bricks themselves are largely governed by the strength and pores structure of the bricks. Sulphate attack Sulphates are salts which are naturally present in industrial waste, gypsum product, clay bricks, flue condensates and in some ground waters. In persistently damp conditions, sulphate will react slowly with tricalcium aluminate forming a compound called calcium sulphoaluminate. This reaction causes the cement mortar or render of the brickwork to expend and eventually disintegrate. Solar Radiation While drying out of soil by trees is the most common reason for cracking in brickwork, some clay are also very susceptible to drying out by direct solar radiation. The northern facing wall is the most likely to be affected and stepped diagonal cracking is the most common symptom, usually occurring at the north east and north west corner of the building. (Greg Loveder, 2000) Migration of moisture The movement of moisture beneath a building can produce the phenomenon known as long term dome and saucer effect. The dome effect is a slow heaving of the soil caused by movement of moisture from the perimeter of the house to its centre, and the saucer effect is moisture moving in the opposite direction, from the centre towards the perimeter. The dome effect causes the walls to tilt outwards and the restraining influence of the roof produces horizontal cracks on the outside wall. These will be wider on the outside surface rather than the inner. Planting of tree Some of the brickwork defects may cause by big trees roots that plant nearby the building area. When planning to plant trees, the idea to be considering is the strength of the footings under the house. If lack of strength, the roots of the trees maybe grow into the ground under the building and cause the brick wall settlement and cracking. Uneven settlement of foundations Where a particular heavy load is placed on the foundation such as a large column, movement may occur as moisture is squeezed out of the soil or the soil readjusts itself. This consolidation will stop when the soil has finally compacted enough to support the load. Brick wall or masonry wall may crack which may result from movement during compaction. Excessive vibration Damage caused by vibration from earth tremors, heavy traffic or pile driving is fairly rare, however if the vibration is great enough to actually cause the foundation to move, brickwork cracking or defect can occur. The crack will show up irregularly if the sources of the vibration cannot be removed. (Greg Loveder, 2000) Additional building Building an addition building onto a house or add more storey of houses can impose a load intensity on the soil different that which is there already and so cause differential settlement. Even if the loading intensities are similar, the difference in time between when the two settlements occurred can be enough to create the brick wall cracks. Approach of design Design of brick wall is very important. The designer must have the knowledge about the brick experience in chosen the types of brick to be used. The designer must be fully aware of the clients needs. Defects often occur because of a lack of understanding of the different types of bricks and the method of construct the brick wall. Lack experience of worker Workers in the masonry construction is not in strict accordance with the construction and standards, masonry mortar is not full, especially in vertical mortar joints are not full, and even produce dense seam, seam permeability. In addition, the dry brick on the wall, mortar in the brick water was absorbed, causing low strength of mortar, brick and mortar separation, so that the overall stiffness of masonry fell, gray mortar joints crack. Overloading Cracks of brickwork may result from overloading of the ground on which the building rests, or of the building itself or parts of it. Releasing the load does not necessary allow the masonry wall to revert to its original state since the overloading may have been partially accommodated by a permanent compaction of the bricks. The forces responsible for the overloading may be of external origin, such as excessive wind, or may be internal, such as those arising from the installation of excessively heavy equipment for which the masonry wall was not designed. A change of occupational may have same results. Lack of maintenance Maintenance must be taken for all the building to minimize the cost of repair work for seriously defects happen. Lack of maintenance will make a small cracks or defects on brickwork change to more serious and serious. Improper soil analysis and preparation When a builder chooses an area of land to build on, it is important to do some sort of soil analysis and preparation. The analysis will provide the developer and/or builder with enough information to choose the adequate soil preparation and construction strategy that should be used to develop the land. Improper soil analysis and preparations can be very damaging to a housing development. For example, a builder can discover that the land soil is made up of expansive soil. If this is the case, houses need to have a foundation that will be able to support the changing pressure and consistency of the soil. This is because expansive soil will swell when wet and then shrink once it dries. If one builds on this type of soil and is not aware of it, there will inevitably be issues to handle. There will be crack in the brick wall or masonry wall. The repair of this is very costly and very intrusive. Unfortunately, the reality is improper soil analysis and preparations happen all the time. Negligence of construction Negligent construction is an unfortunately common occurrence. A builder has to be very careful when choosing a contractor or subcontractor. A builder will sometimes use one contactor for various projects. A contractor may have skills to install floor tiles but not the know how to build a brick wall. The responsibility can fall on several parties when there is a defect, and thats up to your attorney to determine. Movement of the ground Mining subsidence, landslips, earthquakes, or moisture changes of shrinkable clay soil may cause the movement of the ground. The brick wall of the building will be crack because the wall of building has become displaced from the rest without any change in actual size of the materials. In theory, this is possible to reconnect the displace parts to bring the building back to its original condition but in practice this seldom can be done. Acid rain Acid rain is precipitation that is much more acidic than normal rainfall, and the acid rain is usually caused by pollution such as sulfur and nitrogen emissions. Several different mechanisms are operant in the deterioration of brick masonry through the action of acid rain. The bricks are susceptible to acid rain through the selective dissolution of their glassy phase. The mortar is affected mainly by the reaction of the calcareous components. The soluble salts resulting from these reactions, in solution with rain water or condensed moisture, will migrate through the porous matrix of the masonry. In the places where the water evaporates the salts will be deposited. Repeated dissolution and re-crystallization of these salts leads to the mechanical disruption of the masonry structure. Since the salts will concentrate in the more porous material, either the brick or the mortar will be more seriously affected, depending on their relative porosity. Environment Two aspects of the environment have been considerably which is wind and temperature. This is because they cause loading to be applied to the structure. The strong wind may cause the brick wall or the whole building move, this may cause cracking to the part of the building. The high temperature applied to the brickwork may cause spalling and brick prolong to high temperature can lead to surface vitrification. (A.M.Swoden, 1990) Remedies method of the brickwork defects in building Introduction: As known early, brickwork is one of the largest parts of most of the building. The strength, stability, and durability of brickwork are very important. If lack of all those factor, the brick wall or masonry wall maybe fall down or collapse suddenly. If the brickwork occurs any cracking or defects, the right method of remedies must be taken immediately. This is to ensure that the occupational or owner use the building under safety and healthy purposes. Brickwork will deteriorate and decay if not properly maintained. Such deterioration can be caused by a number of factors and can take various forms. The main signs that brickwork is suffering are surface growth and staining, efflorescence, loosed brick becoming dislodged, crack appears throw the bricks or mortar and etc. So, the right remedy must be taken to ensure the brickwork do not decay and deteriorate. (Moses Jenkins, 2007) In this sub chapter, the remedies method for various types of defects will be list out. This is to avoid the brickwork defect getting serious in building in construction industry. The defects of brickwork must be repair immediately, if not the defects will be more serious. For example, cracking can be due to expansion or shrinkage the clay brickwork itself. Remedies of efflorescence Efflorescence can be minimized by laying dry bricks and by speeding up the drying process after the bricks have been laid by providing good ventilation. The salts that cause efflorescence are soluble in water. Hosing with water will cause the salts to dissolve and be re-absorbed into the brickwork, and then reappear when the brick wall dries out again. Acid or alkaline treatments are not recommended as they increase the salt content of the wall. The best method is simply brush off the deposit with a stiff dry bristle brush after the wall has dried out. Then sponge the surface with a damp synthetic chamois or high suction sponge. Use very little water and rinse sponge frequently in fresh water. Remedies of sulphate attack The effects of sulphate attack manifest themselves as expansion of the jointing mortar. On rendered walls the signs are horizontal cracking of the rendering with portions falling off. Advanced stages of attack may make the structure unsafe. When rebuilding is necessary, the bricks use should be of low sulphate content and the mortar should be of a mix of 1:1:6 sulphate-resistance Portland cement: hydrated lime: sand. In addition, care should be taken to exclude all conditions of dampness. On rendered walls, the rendering should be removed and the brickwork allowed to dry before reapplying a weaker mix of sulphate-resistance cement, lime and sand. Tackling Decay Where decay has occurred, take action to rectify the damage will be necessary before this leads to greater problems. The use of chemical treatments to stabilize brick should only be considered with extreme caution. Whilst the defects may be effective initially, there has been insufficient research carried out on the possible long term damage such treatments could have. Chemical sealants can trap moisture within the brick just as effectively as the claims to keep water out. Cleaning Cleaning soiled brick buildings should be undertaken carefully. In the past, the use of inappropriate cleaning techniques has resulted in considerable damage being done. If considered essential small scale tests should be employed to assess the effectiveness and likely damage which could be caused before any large scale work is carried out. There are some guides when doing the cleaning works:- Do not re-clean brickwork with the same chemicals unless recommended by the cleani

Photosynthesis Essay

Photosynthesis Essay During the Light Dependent Reactions, activity occurs within the thylakoids of the chloroplast. NADP+ accepts two high energy electrons and an H+ ion and then converts into NADPH. This process ultimately traps some of the sunlight in chemical form. Then, NADPH is able to carry the energy it absorbs to the rest of the cell. The reaction produces O2 gas and converts ADP to ATP and NADP+ to NADPH. First, pigments in Photosystem II absorb light, which is then absorbed by electrons, which are then passed along the Electron Transport Chain.Chlorophyll loses an electron, but interestingly, those missing electrons are replaced through enzymes in the thylakoid membrane, which divide H20. Secondly, electrons move through the Electron Transport Chain from PII to PI and an H+ ion moves from the stroma to the inner thylakoid space. Thirdly, pigments from PI use energy from light to reenergize electrons; NADP+ picks them up along with H+ ions in the outer surface of the thylak oid, making NADPH.Next, as the electrons pass from chlorophyll to NADP+, more H+ ions are being pumped through the membrane to the inside of the thylakoid, which accounts for the inside being positive and the outside being negative. Lastly, ATP synthase, which spans the membrane, allows the H+ ions to go through it. As they go through, the synthase spins and rotates and binds an ADP to a phosphate group, producing ATP. Specifically, the Light Reactions can either follow a noncyclic electron pathway or a cyclic electron pathway.During the noncyclic electron pathway, PII absorbs solar energy, which is passed along pigments until it is concentrated in a particular pair of chlorophyll a molecules, called the reaction center. Here, the electrons become very energized that they escape and go to electron acceptor molecules. The electron acceptor sends electrons down the ETC and ATP production occurs when they flow their gradient in ATP synthase. PI absorbs solar energy, but the electrons a re captured by different electron acceptors, which pass electrons to NADP+.Each one accepts two electrons and an H+ to become NADPH. The cyclic electron pathway is the same as the noncyclic pathway, where ATP production occurs; however instead of electrons moving to NADP+, they return to PSI, which how it receives replacement electrons. This is why it is called a cyclic pathway; ATP production occurs but not NADPH production. The Light Independent Reactions, also known as the Calvin Cycle and or the â€Å"dark cycle†, ATP and NADPH produce high energy sugars.To begin the cycle, six CO2 molecules enter from the atmosphere and combine with six 5-carbon molecules to form twelve 3-carbon molecules. Next, these are converted into higher energy forms using ATP and high energy electrons from NADPH. Lastly, two of the twelve 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle, used by the plant for metabolism and growth; the remaining ten are converted back into six 5-carbon molecules, whi ch ultimately begin the next cycle.The Calvin Cycle has three in depth parts: C02 fixation, C02 reduction, and RuBP regeneration. During C02 fixation, C02 from the atmosphere is attached to RuBP, which is a 5 carbon molecule, which splits into two 3 carbon molecules. RuBP carboxylase is the enzyme that speeds up this reaction. Secondly, both of the 3PG molecules formed undergoes reduction to G3P: ATP and NADPH are used as energy to fuel this reduction where carbon dioxide reduces to a carbohydrate (R-CO2 to R-CH20).Lastly, the Calvin Cycle has to cycle three times for one G3P to exit. This occurs because five molecules of G3P are used to reform three RuBP molecules. Glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate, G3P, produced from this cycle is an ultimate carbohydrate used for nutrition for most living things on Earth. Glucose phosphate is an organic molecule that results from G3P metabolism. Glucose is essential to plants and animals to be able to produce ATP for energy purposes. Glucose phosphate is also the starting point for the synthesis of starch and cellulose.

Analysis Of The Movie American Sniper - 1733 Words

â€Å"I’m willing to meet my creator and answer for every shot that I took†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (www.imdb.com). Kyle, in the movie American Sniper, says these exact words for a reason. Just like how Kyle had a specific reason for the words he said, Matt Taibbi, who wrote American Sniper Is Almost Too Dumb To Criticize, had a reason why he structured and presented the article the way he did; he has answers within the words to explain why he wrote what he did for the most likely audience of Rolling Stone. Not only does Taibbi present his information in a specific way, he acknowledges the expectations for the readers of Rolling Stone. Although Taibbi’s article is bias to some extent, is composed of inappropriate grammar at times and presents various sections where he uses emotional appeals which hurts him, Taibbi does do a brilliant job to some extent in presenting the article to the most likely reader of Rolling Stone, an antagonistic, audience’s attention and trust by u sing logical arguments and developing credibility through various ways which the reader can relate to. Rollingstone.com is a website where viewers go on to look at movie reviews, music reviews, and pop culture. On a daily basis, the most likely audience that would go onto rollingstone.com and look at movie reviews are the people who watched the movie and liked it a lot, but want to experience a negative review that will upset them. 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